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说到电子游戏，有个人们一直在关心的问题，那就是电子游戏中的暴力场面是否会让人也变得暴力？屏幕上的枪战真的会转化成现实生活中的攻击吗？“玩游戏”真的会导致“暴力倾向”吗？
双语选段
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Can video games make you violent?
电子游戏会让你变得暴力吗？
One of the main arguments people make against video games is that they prime kids to be violent.
人们反对电子游戏的一个主要原因是，电子游戏会让孩子变得暴力。
Priming is a non-conscious form of memory where one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus.
启动效应是一种无意识的记忆形式，是受之前某一刺激的影响对后续同一刺激的反应。
For example, if I said the word yellow then asked you to name a fruit you would most likely say banana.
举个例子，如果我说了“黄色”这个词后，要你说出一个水果的名字，你很可能就会说“香蕉”。
This led to a study in which researchers had participants play one of two games.
研究人员由此制作了一个研究，他们让参与者选择两个游戏的其中一个来玩。
One game where they were in a car avoiding collisions, another where they were just a mouse avoiding a cat.
一个是避免汽车发生碰撞的游戏，而另一个是老鼠避开猫的游戏。
Following the game, the researchers based on priming hypothesized the players would be faster at categorizing objects associated with the game they played more quickly in the real world.
在游戏结束后，研究人员基于启动效应，假设在现实世界中，玩家将能够更快地对与游戏相关的物体进行分类。
So the players looked at pictures of things like a bus or a dog and were asked to quickly label them either as a vehicle or an animal.
当玩家看到图片上的巴士或者狗时，他们要快速地说出这是交通工具还是动物。
Those who played the car game were no faster at categorizing vehicles and those who played the cat game were no faster at categorizing animals.
那些玩汽车游戏的参与者并没有更快地分辨出哪些是交通工具，那些玩猫鼠游戏的也没有更快分辨出哪些是动物。
In fact, those who played each game had a slower reaction time to the related category, meaning negative priming might actually be occurring.
事实上，这些玩家对相关类别的反应更慢，产生了负面的启动效应。
Oh, science, is just messing with us aren't ya?
哦，科学只是在混淆我们的视听，是吧？
But unlike the 8-bit games of our past, today's game designers are capable of producing incredible graphics.
但与我们过去的8位像素游戏不同，今天的游戏设计师能够创造出很真实的图像。
Therefore another criticism is the more realistic a game the more likely it will activate aggressive behavior.
因此，另一种批评的声音是，游戏越逼真，就越有可能激发攻击性行为。
To study this concept one study had participants play one of two combat games.
为了研究这个概念，一项研究中要求参与者们分别玩一款格斗游戏。
One where the characters were modeled using ragdoll physics.
一个游戏中的角色是用布偶物理建模的。
Movements modeled off of the human skeleton which means they had very physically realistic death behaviors.
这个角色模仿人类骨骼的动作，意味着他们死亡时候的状态是非常真实的。
The other game used deaths that were extremely unrealistic.
另一款游戏的死亡状态是非常不现实的。
Afterward, aggression was assessed via a word association test and the game with the more realistic deaths showed no increase in aggression.
随后，通过单词联想测试对参与者的攻击性进行评估，游戏中，角色死亡更真实的玩家的攻击性并没有增加。
Of the available research, most find no link between video games and violence.
在现有的大多数研究中，都没有发现电子游戏和暴力之间存在联系。
A meta-analysis of studies showing a positive link between games and aggression found that they often used ineffective lab tests of aggression, for example, measuring brain waves and heartbeats which doesn't necessarily translate to actual criminal behavior.
一项研究的荟萃分析显示，游戏和攻击性之间存在着积极的联系，研究人员经常使用无效的攻击性实验室实验，比如测量脑电波和心跳，但这些数据并不能代表实际的犯罪行为。
And in the past, when a correlation has been found, it's been weak.
而在过去，人们发现攻击性行为和电子游戏之间的联系是微弱的。
Criminologists who study mass homicides refer to the link between violent games and crime as a myth.
研究重大杀人案的犯罪学家将暴力游戏与犯罪之间的联系看作是一个谬论。
In fact, in 2011 the US Supreme Court ruled that research did not find a clear connection between violent videogames and aggressive behavior.
事实上，2011年美国最高法院裁定，研究并未发现暴力电子游戏与攻击性行为之间存在明显联系。
Unfortunately, we all know how often after crime, video games and violent media get brought into the conversation.
不幸的是，我们都知道在发生犯罪行为后，电子游戏和传媒暴力经常会被谈起。
But the truth is this might actually be distracting from the more significant causes of violence.
但事实是，这可能会分散人们对产生暴力更重要的原因的注意力。
重点解析
One of the main arguments people make against video games is that they prime kids to be violent.
人们反对电子游戏的一个主要原因是，电子游戏会让孩子变得暴力。
重点词汇短语：
prime /praɪm/
adj. 首要的；主要的；基本的；优质的；上乘的；优异的；典型的；有代表性的；最可能的
n. 盛年；年富力强的时期；鼎盛时期；[数]质数
v. 事先指点；使(某人)做好准备；把(事物)准备好；在(金属、木材等上)打底漆
例句：
My prime concern is to protect my property.
我最关心的是保护自己的财产。
She's a prime candidate for promotion.
她是最有望获得晋升的人选。
He was barely 30 and in the prime of (his) life.
他当时还不满30岁，正是英姿勃发的年华。
He had primed his friends to give the journalists as little information as possible.
他已经知会他的朋友，尽量少向记者透露消息。
She was ready and primed for action.
她已胸有成竹、跃跃欲试了。
习语：
prime the pump 投资以振兴（新的或不景气的企业或行业）
近义词辨析：
prime 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
The store has a prime position in the mall.
这家商店位于商业中心一个非常理想的位置。
first-rate 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
The food here is absolutely first-rate.
这里的食物绝对是第一流的。
major 指主要的、重要的、大的。
He played a major role in setting up the system.
他在建立这个系统的过程中扮演了主要的角色。
key 指最重要的、主要的、关键的。最常用于商务和政治语境，可用以指想法或某人在某情势下起的作用，而非物质的东西。key较major稍非正式，用于名词加连系动词后尤其如此。
He was a key figure in the campaign.
他是这场运动的关键人物。
Following the game, the researchers based on priming hypothesized the players would be faster at categorizing objects associated with the game they played more quickly in the real world.
在游戏结束后，研究人员基于启动效应，假设在现实世界中，玩家将能够更快地对与游戏相关的物体进行分类。
重点词汇短语：
1. hypothesize /haɪˈpɑːθəsaɪz/
* 同 英式英语 hypothesise
v. 假设；假定
例句：
There's no point hypothesizing about how the accident happened, since we'll never really know.
假定事故是如何发生的没有任何意义，因为我们永远也不会知道真实情况是怎样的。
I have long hypothesized a connection between these factors.
我一直以来就认为这些因素之间存在着某种关联。
同根词：
hypothesis n. 假设
hypothetical adj. 假设的；爱猜想的
hypothetically adv. 假设地；假想地
2. categorize /ˈkætəɡəraɪz/
* 同 英式英语 categorise
v. 将…分类；把…加以归类
例句：
Participants were categorized according to age.
参加者按年龄分组。
His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography.
他最近的作品既不属于小说也不属于自传。
The books are categorized into beginner and advanced.
这些书分为入门级和高级。
Therefore another criticism is the more realistic a game the more likely it will activate aggressive behavior.
因此，另一种批评的声音是，游戏越逼真，就越有可能激发攻击性行为。
重点词汇短语：
aggressive /əˈɡresɪv/
adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；侵略的；挑衅的；富于攻击性的；气势汹汹的；声势浩大的；志在必得的；（疾病）恶性的；（对恶性病）积极治疗的
例句：
If I criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting.
如果我批评他，他就会寻衅大吵大闹。
Both players won their first-round matches in aggressive style.
两名选手都以敢打敢拼、志在必得的打法赢得了第一轮比赛。
Some children are much more aggressive than others...
一些孩子比其他孩子更好斗。
The more aggressive the cancer, the further and faster it spreads.
癌症越呈恶性，其发展就越广越快。
Brain cancer requires aggressive treatment such as surgery.
脑部肿瘤需要采用积极治疗手段，比如手术。
And in the past, when a correlation has been found, it's been weak.
而在过去，人们发现攻击性行为和电子游戏之间的联系是微弱的。
重点词汇短语：
correlation /ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn/
n. 相互关系；相关；关联
例句：
There's a correlation between smoking and cancer.
吸烟和癌症之间有相关性。
Science has shown a clear correlation between high stress levels in workers and absenteeism, reduced productivity, disengagement and high turnover.
科学表明员工们长时间处于高压力与他们缺勤，生产力降低和高离职率之间有着明显的相关性。
Criminologists who study mass homicides refer to the link between violent games and crime as a myth.
研究重大杀人案的犯罪学家将暴力游戏与犯罪之间的联系看作是一个谬论。
重点词汇短语：
myth /mɪθ/
n. 神话；神话故事；虚构的东西；荒诞的说法；不真实的事
例句：
The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth.
孩子们喜欢听希腊、罗马神话中众神的故事。
Most societies have their own creation myths.
大多数社会都有它们自己的创世神话。
Contrary to popular myth , women are not worse drivers than men.
都说女人开车比男人差，其实不然。
常见搭配：
ancient myth 古老神话
Greek myth 希腊神话
Roman myth 罗马神话
popular myth 流行的观念
近义词辨析：
legend 传奇，传说。常指有关名人、勇士、历险、奇异事件等的古老传说。
This oriental legend is fascinating.
这个东方传说很吸引人。
myth 神话。尤指为解释自然或历史事件而编造的古老故事。
Italian culture is full of ancient myths.
意大利文化充满古代神话。
saga 传奇故事。原指有关北欧海盗的传说，现多指各类传奇故事。
He wrote a brilliant saga of the rise and collapse of a bank in Oklahoma.
他写了一篇关于俄克拉荷马州一家地方银行兴衰的精彩传奇故事。
今日彩蛋
常见文学体裁
tragedy 悲剧
comedy 喜剧
drama 戏剧
fiction 小说
prose 散文
poetry 诗歌
ode 颂诗
ballad 民谣
epic 史诗
myth 神话
biography 传记
allegory 寓言
reportage 报告文学
satire 讽刺文学
folklore 民间传说
END
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