一
什么是“长新冠”?包括哪些症状?
参考世界卫生组织对“长新冠”的定义1:COVID-19长期影响(Post COVID-19 Condition,PCC),通常称为长新冠(long COVID),是指发生在具有可能或确诊新冠感染史的人群中的疾病;通常在新冠感染发病后三个月内发生,症状和影响持续至少两个月。这些症状和影响无法用其他诊断来解释。还有一种常见说法“post-acute sequelae”,即急性感染期后遗症。
乏力 呼吸急促或呼吸困难 记忆力、注意力或睡眠出现问题 持续咳嗽 胸痛 说话困难 肌肉痛 丧失嗅觉或味觉 抑郁或焦虑 发热
图12:长新冠的症状及其对不同病理器官的影响。图中显示了长新冠对多种组织器官造成的影响,病理损害通常是重叠的,这可能会给治疗管理带来进一步挑战。MCAS,肥大细胞激活综合征;ME/CFS,肌痛性脑脊髓炎/慢性疲劳综合征;
二
长新冠的发病率如何?
图2美国疾控中心新冠感染后遗症真实世界研究示意图
三
哪些人群容易得长新冠?
四
重复感染会增加长新冠几率吗?
图3 发生再感染与未发生再感染人群的后遗症风险和疾病负担8
五
长新冠到底多久能恢复?
图4:长新冠数的恢复曲线。颜色深浅表示该随访时间的样本量。星号代表T1和T2随访期的平均值。
六
疫苗接种能降低长新冠的风险吗?
参考文献:
1.WHO website. 2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19):COVID-19长期影响https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-post-covid-19-condition
2.Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M. & Topol, E. J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol 1–14 (2023) doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2.
3.Ballering AV, van Zon SKR, olde Hartman TC, Rosmalen JGM. Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study. The Lancet. 2022;400(10350):452-461. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01214-4
4.Lara Bull-Otterson, Sarah Baca, Sharon Saydah, et al. Post–COVID Conditions Among Adult COVID-19 Survivors Aged 18–64 and ≥65 Years — United States, March 2020–November 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2022;71(21):713-717
5.Antonelli M, Pujol JC, Spector TD, Ourselin S, Steves CJ. Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet. 2022;399(10343):2263-2264. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00941-2
6.Thompson, E. J. et al. Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records. Nat Commun 13, 3528 (2022).
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10.Mizrahi B, Sudry T, Flaks-Manov N, et al. Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. Published online January 11, 2023:e072529. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072529
11.Notarte KI, Catahay JA, Velasco JV, et al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101624. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101624
12.Kuodi P, Gorelik Y, Zayyad H, et al. Association between BNT162b2 vaccination and reported incidence of post-COVID-19 symptoms: cross-sectional study 2020-21, Israel. npj Vaccines. 2022;7(1):101. doi:10.1038/s41541-022-00526-5
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14.Marra AR, Kobayashi T, Suzuki H, et al. The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in the prevention of post–COVID-19 conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. ASHE. 2022;2(1):e192. doi:10.1017/ash.2022.336
15.https://www.who.int/news/item/20-02-2023-updated-good-practice-statement-on-the-use-of-variant-containing-covid-19-vaccines
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