脑部是肺癌最常见的远处转移部位,肺癌脑转移患者预后极差,自然平均生存时间仅1~2个月[7]。而与EGFR野生型的患者相比,EGFR突变NSCLC患者的脑转移风险更高,两组1年、2年和3年累积脑转移发生率分别为4.2% vs 15.0%、18.7% vs 37.7%、22.0% vs 53.3%[8]。因此,良好的颅内疗效也是考量药物的重要因素。 而奥希替尼在预防或延缓中枢神经系统(CNS)转移方面也展现出疗效优势:
在CNS全分析集(cFAS)中,与一代EGFR-TKI相比,奥希替尼一线治疗显著降低52%的CNS进展或死亡风险(CNS mPFS:NR vs. 13.9个月,HR=0.48);
显著减少新发CNS病灶的出现,两组出现新发CNS病灶的比例分别为12%和30%[9]。
此外,根据AENEAS研究和FURLONG研究结果,相比一代EGFR-TKI,三代EGFR-TKI阿美替尼(19.3个月 vs 9.9个月,HR=0.46)和伏美替尼(20.8个月 vs 11.1个月,HR=0.44)显示出更好的PFS获益[10,11];同时,阿美替尼(29个月 vs 8.3个月,HR=0.319)和伏美替尼(20.8个月 vs 9.8个月,HR=0.40)也具有显著的CNS mPFS获益[12,13]。但值得注意的是,阿美替尼和伏美替尼的OS获益尚不明确,并且在减少新发CNS病灶方面尚缺乏数据。
总结 EGFR-TKIs带领EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者迈入靶向治疗时代,为患者带来疗效和安全性的双重获益,并成为EGFR突变晚期NSCLC的一线标准治疗。而在丰富的选择方案中,三代EGFR-TKIs在一线治疗的疗效和安全性上更优于一/二代EGFR-TKIs,且在脑转移患者中也有优势。在进行临床治疗决策时,如何选择一线治疗方案可使患者获益最大化是未来努力的方向。 参考文献:[1] 中国抗癌协会肺癌专业委员会, 中华医学会肿瘤学分会肺癌学组, 中国胸部肿瘤研究协作组,等. Ⅰ~ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌完全切除术后辅助治疗指南(2021版)[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(16):11.[2] Pi C, Xu CR, Zhang MF, et al. EGFR mutations in early‐stage and advanced‐stage lung adenocarcinoma: analysis based on large‐scale data from China[J]. Thorac Cancer, 2018, 9(7): 814‐819.[3] 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. (2022). 非小细胞肺癌诊疗指南.[4] NCCN Guidelines Version 5.2022 Lung Cancer.[5] Soria, J.C., et al. Osimertinib in Untreated EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(2): p. 113-125.[6] Ramalingam, S.S., et al. Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Untreated, EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382(1): p. 41-50.[7] 中国医师协会肿瘤医师分会, 中国医疗保健国际交流促进会肿瘤内科分会. 肺癌脑转移中国治疗指南( 2021年版) . 中华肿瘤杂志, 2021, 43(3) : 269-281.[8] Han G, et al. A retrospective analysis in patients with EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma: is EGFR mutation associated with a higher incidence of brain metastasis? Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 30;7(35):56998-57010.[9]Reungwetwattana T, et al. CNS Response to Osimertinib Versus Standard Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Patients With Untreated EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Aug 28:JCO2018783118. [10]Lu S, Dong X, Jian H, et al. AENEAS: A Randomized Phase III Trial of Aumolertinib Versus Gefitinib as First-Line Therapy for Locally Advanced or MetastaticNon-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR Exon 19 Deletion or L858R Mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Sep 20;40(27):3162-3171.[11]Shi Y, Chen G, Wang X, et al. Furmonertinib (AST2818) versus gefitinib as first-line therapy for Chinese patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (FURLONG): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(11):1019-1028.[12]Shun Lu, Xiaorong Dong, Hong Jian, et al. Aumolertinib activity in patients with CNS metastases and EGFR-mutated NSCLC treated in the randomized double-blind phase III trial (AENEAS). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2022 40:16_suppl, 9096-9096.[13]Gongyan Chen, Xiang Wang, Yunpeng Liu, et al. Central nervous system efficacy of furmonertinib versus gefitinib in patients with non–small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: Results from FURLONG study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2022 40:16_suppl, 9101-9101.[14] 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. (2022). 非小细胞肺癌诊疗指南.[15] NCCN Guidelines Version 5.2022 Lung Cancer.